The meaning of the word elegance as a wine descriptor: Effect of expertise and wine type.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the concept of elegance in wine as a function of (i) domain-specific expertise, and (ii) wine type, more specifically as applied to still wine and to sparkling wine. One hundred and fifty participants, classified into five categories depending on their wine-relevant expertise, completed an online questionnaire aimed at inducing verbal responses concerning their cerebral representations of elegance as applied to still wines and sparkling wines. The five participant categories comprised four expert groups, namely wine producer [30], wine writer/critics [30], sommeliers [30], wine merchant/seller [30], and a novice group of wine consumers [30]. Results showed that both professional and novice participants found the concept of 'elegance' applicable to both still wine and sparkling wine, evoking words and terms with reasonable consistency overall. Differences were found, both between participant groups and between wine types. After categorisation, significant differences between participant categories were found for two of the ten categories of words elicited for both inducing expressions. Extrinsic quality and intrinsic quality were significantly different across occupational categories for 'elegant in relation to wine'. Extrinsic quality was noticeably higher for consumers than the other participants while intrinsic quality appears more important to conceptualisations of wine elegance for wine writers/critics than it is for the other groups of participants. Concerning 'elegance in sparkling wine', extrinsic quality also showed significant differences across participant categories, being highly evoked by producers and merchants/sellers. The category context/analogy was significantly higher in consumers' associations and interestingly, lower in writer/critics' associations. These results support the notion that application of the term elegance as a wine descriptor is seen as appropriate by both wine professionals and wine consumers, suggesting that the term elegant when applied to either still or sparkling wine evokes a concept that is not idiosyncratic but that has a central structure shared by many wine professionals and consumers, the core of this structure including terms smooth, balanced, refined and complex.

Skepticism and defiance: Assessing credibility and representations of science.

Since the 1970s, there has been a growing interest in how individuals appropriate scientific knowledge, which has recently been reinforced by societal issues such as vaccine releases and skepticism about global warming. Faced with the health and social consequences of the mistrust of scientific knowledge, there is an urgent need for tools to measure the acceptance or rejection of scientific knowledge, while at the same time gaining a more detailed understanding of the processes involved. This is the purpose of this article. Thus, we conducted 4 empirical studies to provide a validation of the Credibility of Science Scale from the perspective of a French population, which aims to assess the credibility that individuals attribute to science and to empirically evaluate the link that may exist between the different levels of credibility attributed to science and the social representations of science. Studies 1a and 1b demonstrated good structural validity, the good fidelity (homogeneity and temporal stability), and the good criterion validity of the French version of the scale. In Study 2, we observed the same psychometric qualities of the French version of the scale. We also noted a structuring of the social representation of science based on age (Factor 1) and on the credibility attributed to science (Factor 2). Our results also raise the question of possible means of intervention to promote a better perception of science.

Mosquito-Borne Diseases: Social Representations of a University Community in Endemic Outbreaks.

(1) Background: Studying social representations as lay theories allows for a better understanding of the common sense knowledge constructed around mosquito-borne diseases and the impact this may have on attitudes and behaviors. (2) Methods: A hierarchical evocation questionnaire was circulated through an Australian academic community and analyzed by prototypical analysis and correspondence factor analysis. (3) Results: Representational areas are regulated by participant age and whether or not they had contracted a mosquito-borne disease. (4) Conclusions: Collecting and understanding social representations has the potential to help social actors implement strategies that encourage people to access information and adopt behaviors in line with the scientific reality of the phenomenon, rather than limiting lay theories.

Legitimizing Intimate Partner Violence: The Role of Romantic Love and the Mediating Effect of Patriarchal Ideologies.

Romantic love in heterosexual relationships is recognized as an important aspect to be considered in relation to the psychosocial mechanisms associated with the persistence of intimate partner violence and the help-seeking barriers faced by female victims. However, few studies have explored the processes underlying the relationship between this form of love and attitudes toward this kind of violence. To do this, the current study aims to analyze the relationship between the adherence to romantic love and the legitimization of intimate partner violence (i.e., perceived severity of violence, victim blame, and exoneration of the perpetrator). It was also to test the mediating effect of patriarchal ideologies (i.e., ambivalent sexism and domestic violence myths) on this relationship. Two hundred thirty-five French adults (51.1% women) were surveyed. The data were analyzed with structural equation models to study the mediations between the variables considered. Consistent with our hypotheses, the results showed that the more the participants adhered to romantic love, the more they blamed the victim and exonerated the perpetrator. They also showed a positive link between romantic love, ambivalent sexism, and domestic violence myths. Finally, the results demonstrated that the relationship between romantic love and the legitimization of violence is mediatized by ambivalent sexism and domestic violence myths. The findings illustrate the need to deconstruct romantic love ideology and the psychosocial logics underlying the legitimization of intimate partner violence.

Social representations and interface layout: A new way of enhancing persuasive technology applied to organ donation.

Although campaigns promoting organ donation have proved their effectiveness, increasing the number of people who explicitly agree to become donors is still difficult. Based on the social marketing notion of persuasive technology, we reasoned that it was timely to focus on the design of this persuasive technology and to analyze its contribution in particularly challenging contexts such as organ donation. More specifically, the originality of the present study lay in the way we linked the field of persuasive technology to the theory of social representations, and combined them with an analysis of the ergonomic aspects of interface layout. This study had two complementary goals. The first was to determine whether the sociocognitive salience of the central elements of social representations (i.e., the most frequent and important themes related to the subject-here, organ donation-for individuals), can be used to achieve persuasive outcomes. The second was to determine whether interface layout, in terms of information location and background characteristics (color and contrast), can strengthen the persuasive impact. University students (N > 200) were exposed to a computer screen displaying a message involving either central or peripheral elements of the social representations of organ donation (status), placed either in the middle or on one side of the screen (location), and shown against either a white or a blue background (background). Eye-tracking data were recorded, in addition to self-reported data. In line with the elaboration likelihood model, results showed that participants who were exposed to central (vs. peripheral) elements of the social representations of organ donation followed the central route in processing information. Moreover, they had stronger attitudes, and more of them stated that they were actual organ donors. Importantly, however, at least for some variables, these status-related effects were not independent of the interface layout. More specifically, the persuasive impact of the central elements was enhanced when the information was displayed in the middle (vs. the side) of the screen and when it was displayed on a white (vs. blue) background. We discuss the theoretical and practical issues raised by these results.

Social factors and preference for quality cues: Towards a social construction of wine quality.

Wine preferences and perceived related quality have led researchers to consider the choice strategies employed by consumers. This article proposes to address the question of the effect of the position occupied in the social space (e.g., socially dominated vs. socially dominant individuals) on the selection of cues for evaluating the quality of red and rosé wines. Participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire in the wine section of supermarkets located in the south of France. Taken as a whole, the results confirm our hypotheses. Via a Guttman effect in principle component analysis and contrast analyses, they tend to show a structural homology effect in relation to quality cue preferences. From a socio-psychological point of view, dominants express preferences for cues reflecting their knowledge of the product. By contrast, socially dominated individuals are more sensitive to the cues related to the aesthetic dimension of the product. The results are discussed in terms of the conceptualization of intrinsic vs. extrinsic cues.

Social representations and culture in food studies.

An important amount of studies investigates food, individuals and groups' relation to food. Some of them convoke the theoretical framework of social representations. These ones refer to structured sets of ideas, opinions, knowledge and beliefs about food shared by a social group, about food, foodstuffs, or related issues. The present contribution highlights the relevance of investigating the interaction between social representations and culture in such works following three main lines, corresponding to three ways to envisage the contribution of SRs to food studies. The first one focuses on the role of SRs in the social construction of meanings attached to food and on their introduction in individuals' and groups' thinking frameworks. This line present the shaping role of culture for representations. The second one is interested in how the sharing of SRs allows identification to the cultural group. This line highlights a lack of experiments and some research perspectives. The third one envisages social representations as predictors of consumers' behaviors. In this line, culture represents an important factor, especially through the individualist versus collectivist cultures. The results and the considerations from these three lines militate in favor of the consideration of culture and cultural variables in food studies using the theoretical framework of SRs. Certainly, the relevance of such a consideration is motivated by the intrinsic theoretical link between SRs and culture, but also shows a great interest when we want to gain a finer grained vision of the phenomenon under study in food research.

[Measuring job satisfaction: Further validation of the Job Satisfaction Single Item Scale]. / Validation complémentaire d'une mesure de satisfaction au travail.

BACKGROUND: In France, there has been a growing interest in examining the determinants of positive occupational health dimensions that contribute to employees' quality of work life. Among those dimensions, job satisfaction has drawn the attention of many scholars. However, only few validated measures are available in French, and among these we identified the Job Satisfaction Single Item (JSSI). The aim of this article is to provide further empirical validation of the Job Satisfaction Single Item. METHOD: This study examined the sensitivity and criterion validity of the JSSI. More precisely, we examined, on the one hand, the links between scores on JSSIand other job satisfaction scale, and as well as occupational health and motivational measures, such as perceived stress, life satisfaction, happiness, perceived given and received social support, and finally with organizational commitment. We also verified that the JSSI is a time-saving measure, compared measure compared to longer job satisfaction scales. RESULTS: The JSSI showed appropriate sensitivity and satisfying criterion validity with both positive and negative occupational health measures. Finally, the JSSI took significantly less time to complete than measures including five items and twenty items. CONCLUSION: This furthered validation reaffirmed the good psychometric qualities of the JSSI. Thus JSSI appears to be an appropriate and a time-saving measure job satisfaction, and particularly when scholars aim to examine intra-individual variability.

Context variations and pluti-methodological issues concerning the expression of a social representation: the example of the gypsy community

Within the social representations’ field of research, the «mute zone» hypothesis considers that some objects are characterized by counter normative content that people usually do not express in standard conditions of production. Within the framework of this approach, this study aims to explore the variations in the expression about the Gypsy community following the manipulation of different contexts and the issues associated with a pluri-methodological approach of data analysis. Indeed, two methodologies have been combined. The participants were asked to express themselves in public or in private. In addition, the identity of the experimenter was also manipulated as she presented herself as a Gypsy or not. Then, through a set of analyses based on a methodological triangulation approach, we were able to observe a recurrent modulation of the participants’ answers. These analyses highlighted a greater incidence of the expression of counternormative elements when the context of expression was private and especially when the experimenter did not present herself as a Gypsy (p < .01, ηp² = .06). These results will be discussed in terms of the contribution of the methodologies employed and their comparison within the framework of the study of counternormative content (AU)

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Context variations and pluri-methodological issues concerning the expression of a social representation: the example of the Gypsy community.

Within the social representations' field of research, the "mute zone" hypothesis considers that some objects are characterized by counternormative content that people usually do not express in standard conditions of production. Within the framework of this approach, this study aims to explore the variations in the expression about the Gypsy community following the manipulation of different contexts and the issues associated with a pluri-methodological approach of data analysis. Indeed, two methodologies have been combined. The participants were asked to express themselves in public or in private. In addition, the identity of the experimenter was also manipulated as she presented herself as a Gypsy or not. Then, through a set of analyses based on a methodological triangulation approach, we were able to observe a recurrent modulation of the participants' answers. These analyses highlighted a greater incidence of the expression of counternormative elements when the context of expression was private and especially when the experimenter did not present herself as a Gypsy (p < .01, η p ² = .06). These results will be discussed in terms of the contribution of the methodologies employed and their comparison within the framework of the study of counternormative content.

La Théorie des Représentations Sociales: orientations conceptuelles, champs d'applications et méthodes / The Theory of Social Representations: Conceptual approaches, fields of application and methods / La Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales: Orientaciones conceptuales, campos de aplicaciones y métodos

Depuis sa formulation initiale, la Théorie des Représentations Sociales (TRS, Moscovici, 1961) a connu un essor remarquable au niveau mondial et constitue aujourd'hui une théorie majeure et incontournable au sein du champ disciplinaire que constitue la psychologie sociale. Cependant, de par les différentes orientations développées au sein de cette théorie, sa diffusion et son succès ont largement dépassé les frontières de cette discipline. Cet article se propose de dessiner les contours de la TRS en proposant un panorama des différentes orientations qu'elle a vu naítre, des applications dont elle a pu faire l'objet et enfin des méthodologies qu'elle utilise et qu'elle a suscitées.

Since its early formulation, Social Representations Theory (SRT, Moscovici, 1961) presented a remarkable development in the world. And today, it is an essential and ineluctable theory in the field of social psychology. However, due to the various directions that have been developed within this theory, its diffusion and success have widely exceeded the borders of this discipline. This article aims to draw the outlines of the SRT by proposing an overview of the arisen approaches, its contributions, and finally, the methodologies the theory has implemented and promoted.

Desde su formulación inicial, la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales (TRS, Moscovici, 1961) conoció un desarrollo notable a nivel mundial y constituye hoy una teoría fundamental e inevitable en el campo de esta disciplina que constituye la psicología social. Sin embargo, según las diferentes orientaciones desarrolladas al interior de esta teoría, su difusión y su éxito han superado ampliamente las fronteras de dicha disciplina. Este artículo se propone dibujar los contornos de la TRS proponiendo un panorama de las diversas orientaciones que ha visto nacer, de las aplicaciones de las que puede ser objeto y finalmente de las metodologías que utiliza y que ha suscitado.

La Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales: Orientaciones conceptuales, campos de aplicaciones y métodos / La Théorie des Représentations Sociales: orientations conceptuelles, champs d'applications et méthodes / The Theory of Social Representations: Conceptual approaches, fields of application and methods

Desde su formulación inicial, la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales (TRS, Moscovici, 1961) conoció un desarrollo notable a nivel mundial y constituye hoy una teoría fundamental e inevitable en el campo de esta disciplina que constituye la psicología social. Sin embargo, según las diferentes orientaciones desarrolladas al interior de esta teoría, su difusión y su éxito han superado ampliamente las fronteras de dicha disciplina. Este artículo se propone dibujar los contornos de la TRS proponiendo un panorama de las diversas orientaciones que ha visto nacer, de las aplicaciones de las que puede ser objeto y finalmente de las metodologías que utiliza y que ha suscitado.

Depuis sa formulation initiale, la Théorie des Représentations Sociales (TRS, Moscovici, 1961) a connu un essor remarquable au niveau mondial et constitue aujourd'hui une théorie majeure et incontournable au sein du champ disciplinaire que constitue la psychologie sociale. Cependant, de par les différentes orientations développées au sein de cette théorie, sa diffusion et son succès ont largement dépassé les frontières de cette discipline. Cet article se propose de dessiner les contours de la TRS en proposant un panorama des différentes orientations qu'elle a vu naítre, des applications dont elle a pu faire l'objet et enfin des méthodologies qu'elle utilise et qu'elle a suscitées.

Since its early formulation, Social representations theory (SRT, Moscovici, 1961) presented a remarkable development in the world. And today, it is an essential and ineluctable theory in the field of social psychology. However, due to the various directions that have been developed within this theory, its diffusion and success have widely exceeded the borders of this discipline. This article aims to draw the outlines of the SRT by proposing an overview of the arisen approaches, its contributions, and finally, the methodologies the theory has implemented and promoted.

Social representations, correspondence factor analysis and characterization questionnaire: a methodological contribution.

The characterization questionnaire is inspired by Q-sort methodologies (i.e. qualitative sorting). It consists in asking participants to give their opinion on a list of items by sorting them into categories depending on their level of characterization of the object. This technique allows us to obtain distributions for each item and each response modality (i.e. characteristic vs. not chosen vs. not characteristic). This contribution intends to analyze these frequencies by means of correspondence factor analysis. The originality of this contribution lies in the fact that this kind of analysis has never been used to process data collected by means of this questionnaire. The procedure will be detailed and exemplified by means of two empirical studies on social representations of the good wine and the good supermarket. The interests of such a contribution will be discussed from both methodological points of view and an applications perspective.

Social representations, correspondence factor analysis and characterization questionnaire: a methodological contribution

The characterization questionnaire is inspired by Q-sort methodologies (i.e. qualitative sorting). It consists in asking participants to give their opinion on a list of items by sorting them into categories depending on their level of characterization of the object. This technique allows us to obtain distributions for each item and each response modality (i.e. characteristic vs. not chosen vs. not characteristic). This contribution intends to analyze these frequencies by means of correspondence factor analysis. The originality of this contribution lies in the fact that this kind of analysis has never been used to process data collected by means of this questionnaire. The procedure will be detailed and exemplified by means of two empirical studies on social representations of the good wine and the good supermarket. The interests of such a contribution will be discussed from both methodological points of view and an applications perspective (AU)

El cuestionario de caracterización se inspira en metodologías Q (es decir, clasificación cualitativa). Consiste en pedir a los participantes que den su opinión sobre una lista de artículos, clasificándolos en categorías en función de su nivel de caracterización del objeto. Esta técnica nos permite obtener distribuciones para cada artículo y cada modalidad de respuesta (característico vs. no elegido vs no característico). Esta contribución propone analizar estas frecuencias por medio de análisis factorial de correspondencias. La originalidad de este artículo radica en el hecho de que este tipo de análisis nunca se ha utilizado para procesar datos recogidos mediante este cuestionario. Se detallará y ejemplificará el procedimiento a través de dos estudios empíricos sobre las representaciones sociales del buen vino y el buen supermercado. El interés de dicha contribución será discutido tanto desde el punto de vista metodológico como desde la perspectiva de las aplicaciones (AU)

Hegemonic and polemical beliefs: culture and consumption in the social representation of wine.

Wine, in France, is a cultural product. However, the issue of wine consumption has been at the centre of a recurring social debate. We decided to focus our study on the effect of consumption practices on this social representation as well as the variations in position-taking in very different normative contexts. Results revealed two distinct social representations according to consumption practice. Moreover, Guttman effect in principal component analysis uncovered a unique phenomenon which showed that participants (consumer vs. non consumer) were inclined to act differently only in the case of polemical issues when they perceived the investigator as a consumer vs. non consumer. Indeed, in the case of hegemonic beliefs they were inclined to act in the same way and their answers were not influenced by the status of the investigator. Results are discussed around the question of the links between social representations and social identity.

Hegemonic and polemical beliefs: culture and consumption in the social representation of wine

Wine, in France, is a cultural product. However, the issue of wine consumption has been at the centre of a recurring social debate. We decided to focus our study on the effect of consumption practices on this social representation as well as the variations in position-taking in very different normative contexts. Results revealed two distinct social representations according to consumption practice. Moreover, Guttman effect in principal component analysis uncovered a unique phenomenon which showed that participants (consumer vs. non consumer) were inclined to act differently only in the case of polemical issues when they perceived the investigator as a consumer vs. non consumer. Indeed, in the case of hegemonic beliefs they were inclined to act in the same way and their answers were not influenced by the status of the investigator. Results are discussed around the question of the links between social representations and social identity (AU)

El vino, en Francia, es un producto cultural. No obstante, el tema del consumo de vino ha sido el centro de un debate social recurrente. Nosotros decidimos centrar nuestro estudio en los efectos de las prácticas de consumo en esta representación social así como en las variaciones de posturas en diferentes contextos normativos. Los resultados revelan dos representaciones sociales distintas de acuerdo a las prácticas de consumo. Aún más, el efecto Guttman en el análisis de componentes principales descubrió un fenómeno único que muestra que los participantes (consumidor vs. no consumidor) se inclinaron a comportarse de manera diferente dependiendo de si percibían al experimentador como consumidor vs. no consumidor respecto a aspectos polémicos, y no, con respecto a creencias hegemónicas. Los resultados se discuten en torno a la cuestión de los nexos entre las representaciones sociales y la identidad social (AU)